BASIC: Defined as not understanding the full meaning and implication of the four noble truths or as a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of reality.

Called “volitional formations” both because they are formed as a result of volition and because they are causes for the arising of future volitional actions.

BASIC: Nāma is typically considered to refer to psychological elements of the human person, while rūpa refers to the physical. The Buddhist nāma and rūpa are mutually dependent, and not separable; as nāmarūpa, they designate an individual being. Namarupa are also referred to as the five skandhas.

BASIC: It is defined as the coming together of three factors: the sense organ, the sense object, and sense consciousness.

Refers to the pleasant, unpleasant and neutral sensations that occur when our internal sense organs come into contact with external sense objects and the associated consciousness.

BASIC: Defined as the craving to hold on to pleasurable experiences, to be separated from painful or unpleasant experiences, and for neutral experiences or feelings not to decline. The Buddha identified taṇhā as a principal cause in the arising of dukkha.

BASIC: Upādāna and taṇhā are seen as the two primary causes of suffering. The cessation of clinging leads to Nirvana.

BASIC: Bhāva denotes the continuity of life and death, including reincarnation, and the maturation arising therefrom.

BASIC: Jāti refers to the arising of a new living entity within saṃsāra.

BASIC: Jarāmaraṇa is Sanskrit and Pāli for “old age” (jarā) and “death” (maraṇa). In Buddhism, it is associated with the inevitable end-of-life suffering of all beings prior to their rebirth within saṃsāra.